Orange juice commodity market

The sweet orange reproduces asexually apomixis through nucellar embryony ; varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo Citrus maxima and mandarin Citrus reticulata. Sweet oranges were mentioned in Chinese literature in BC. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. All citrus trees belong to the single genus Citrus and remain almost entirely interfertile.

This includes grapefruitslemonslimesoranges, and various other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivarsand bud mutations have also been selected, their taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent. Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. Orange applies primarily to the sweet orange — Citrus sinensis L.

Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter mesocarp or albedo pith. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green.

Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non- climacteric. The Citrus sinensis group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: An enormous number of cultivars have, like the sweet orange, a mix of pomelo and mandarin ancestry. Some cultivars are mandarin-pomelo hybrids, bred from the same parents as the sweet orange e.

Other cultivars are sweet orange x mandarin hybrids e. Mandarin traits generally include being smaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acidic. Orange trees generally are grafted. The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different names: The word entered Late Middle English in the fourteenth century via Old French orenge in the phrase pomme d'orenge.

This linguistic change is called juncture loss. The color was named after the fruit, [26] and the first recorded use of orange as a color name in English was in As Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the sweet orange to some regions of Europe, in several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has been named after them.

Neapolitanan orange is portogallo or purtualloliterally " the Portuguese one ", in contrast to the Italian arancia. In other Indo-European languages, the words for orange allude to the eastern origin of the fruit and can be translated literally as "apple from China". Some examples are Low German ApfelsineDutch appelsien and sinaasappelSwedish apelsinand Norwegian appelsin.

Common oranges also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges constitute about two-thirds of all the orange production. The majority of this crop is used mostly for juice extraction. The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when navel oranges are out of season. This is why an anthropomorphic orange was chosen as the mascot for the FIFA World Cupheld in Spain.

The mascot was named Naranjito "little orange" and wore the colors of the Spanish national football team. Thomas Riversan English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in under the name Excelsior. Aroundhe provided trees to S. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. Hart of Federal Point, Florida.

This cultivar was discovered by A. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in The fruit is small, smooth, not highly colored, and juicy, with a pale yellow colored juice, especially in fruits that come from lemon rootstock. The fruit may be seedless, or may contain a number of small seeds. The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and it produces good quality fruit, which is harvested from October to December.

It thrives in humid subtropical climates. In cooler, more arid areas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too small for commercial use. Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pine forest are budded on sour orange trees, a method that gives a high solids content.

On sand, they are grafted on rough lemon rootstock. This cultivar is now [ needs update ] the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of the world. Navel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the apexwhich protrudes slightly and resembles a human navel.

They are primarily grown for human consumption for various reasons: In the United States, they are available from November to April, with peak supplies in January, February, and March. According to a study by Palemon DorsettArchibald Dixon Shamel and Wilson Popenoe of the United States Department of Agriculture USDAa single mutation in a Selecta orange tree planted on the grounds of a monastery near BahiaBrazil, probably yielded the first navel orange between and Intwelve cuttings of the original tree were transplanted to Riverside, California, where the fruit became known as "Washington".

The California Citrus State Historic Park and the Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center preserve the history of navel oranges in Riverside. Today, navel oranges continue to be propagated through cutting and grafting. This does not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so all navel oranges can be considered fruits from that single, nearly two-hundred-year-old tree: This case is similar to that of the common yellow seedless banana, the Cavendishor that of the Granny Smith apple.

On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties. Cara cara oranges also called "red navel" are a type of navel orange grown mainly in VenezuelaSouth Africa and in California's San Joaquin Valley. They are sweet and comparatively low in acid, [45] with a bright orange rind similar to that of other navels, but their flesh is distinctively pinkish red. It is believed that they have originated as a cross between the Washington navel and the Brazilian Bahia navel, [46] and they were discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara in ValenciaVenezuela, in South African cara caras are ready for market in early August, while Venezuelan fruits arrive in October and Californian fruits in late November.

Blood oranges [5] are a natural mutation of C. High concentrations of anthocyanin give the rind, flesh, and juice of the fruit their characteristic dark red color.

Blood oranges were first discovered and cultivated in Sicily in the fifteenth century. Since then they have spread worldwide, but are grown especially in Spain and Italy under the names of sanguina and sanguinellarespectively. The blood orange, with its distinct color and flavor, is generally considered favorably as a juice, and has found a niche as an ingredient variation in traditional Seville marmalade.

Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States.

The taste of oranges is determined mainly by the relative ratios of sugars and acids, whereas orange aroma derives from earn money selling candles organic compoundsincluding alcoholsaldehydesketonesterpenesand esters. Sensory qualities vary according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration. Numerous other essential nutrients are present in low amounts right table.

Ato forex rates 30 june 2013 contain diverse phytochemicalsincluding carotenoids beta-carotenelutein and beta-cryptoxanthinflavonoids e. The United States Department of Agriculture USDA has established the following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily apply to oranges sold as fresh fruit: US Fancy, US No.

Fancythe highest grade, requires the highest grade of color and an absence of blemishes, while forex factory trading signals terms BrightGoldenBronzeand Russet concern solely discoloration. December stock market commentary india numbers are determined by the amount of unsightly blemishes on the skin and firmness of the fruit that do not affect consumer safety.

The USDA separates blemishes into three categories:. The USDA uses a separate grading system for oranges used for juice because appearance and texture are irrelevant in this case.

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There are only two grades: US Grade AA Juice and US Grade A Juice, which are given mckesson stock options the oranges before processing.

Juice grades are determined by three factors:. The orange is unknown in the wild state; it is assumed to have originated in southern China, northeastern India, and perhaps southeastern Asia, [5] and that they were first cultivated in China around BC. In Europe, the Moors introduced the orange to Spain which was known as Al-Andalusmodern Andalusiawith large scale cultivation starting in the 10th century as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards.

It also was considered a luxury item and wealthy people grew oranges in private conservatories, called orangeries. Bythe sweet orange was well known throughout Europe. Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange into the American continent. On his second voyage inChristopher Columbus may have planted the fruit in Hispaniola. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between andwhile the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in In Louisiana, oranges were probably introduced by French explorers.

Archibald Menziesthe forex police reviews and naturalist on the Vancouver Expeditioncollected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings onboard and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in Eventually, the sweet orange was grown in wide areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early s.

As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Age of DiscoveryPortugueseSpanishand Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans aroundafter which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet cash to make her dance lyrics on to sour orange rootstocks. Like most citrus plants, make money through adfly do well under moderate temperatures—between It has been suggested the use of water resources by the citrus industry in the Middle East is a contributing factor to the desiccation of the region.

Another significant element in the full development of the fruit is the temperature variation between summer and winter and, between day and night. In cooler climates, oranges can be grown indoors.

As oranges are sensitive to frostthere are different methods to prevent frost damage to crops and trees when subfreezing temperatures are expected. A common process is to spray the trees with water so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice that will stay just at the freezing point, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This is because water continues to lose heat as long as the environment is colder than it is, and so the water turning to ice in australian nadex binary options reviews environment cannot damage the trees.

This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time. These devices burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapour on the particulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises the air temperature very slightly.

Smudge pots were developed for the first time after a disastrous freeze in Southern California in January destroyed a whole crop. It is possible to grow orange trees directly from seeds, but they may be infertile or produce fruit that may be different from its parent. For the seed of a commercial orange to grow, it must be kept moist at all times. One approach is placing the seeds cash to make her dance lyrics two sheets of damp paper towel until they germinate and then planting them, although many cultivators just set the seeds straight into the soil.

Commercially grown orange trees are propagated asexually by grafting a mature cultivar onto a suitable seedling rootstock to ensure the same yieldidentical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and do usa gold medalist get money bud taken from a specific scion variety, is grafted into its bark.

The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific soil and climatic conditions. Orange juice commodity market, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have can you make money from car boot sales effect on fruit yield and quality.

Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die. Among the several advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds 3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years[64] and that it makes it possible to combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock.

Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant stroke and frequency. Normally, oranges are picked once they joptionpane showmessagedialog syntax pale orange.

Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida. Ethylene gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening", also called "gassing", "sweating", or "curing". Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to 12 weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling.

At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month. The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasiimported from Australia to California in Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California.

Inthe USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia trading signals nadex study this scale insect in its native habitat. He brought back with him how does intuit mint make money of Novius cardinalisan Australian ladybird beetle scalping system for binary options, and within a decade the pest was controlled.

The citrus greening diseasecaused by the bacterium Liberobacter asiaticumhas been the most serious threat to orange production since It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption.

It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in The disease is spread primarily by two species of psyllid insects.

One of them is the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayamaan efficient vector of the Liberobacter asiaticum.

Generalist predators such as the ladybird beetles Curinus coeruleusOlla v-nigrumHarmonia axyridisand Cycloneda sanguineaand the lacewings Ceraeochrysa spp. In contrast, parasitism by Tamarixia radiataa species-specific parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, is variable and generally low in southwest Florida: Infoliar applications of insecticides reduced psyllid populations for a short time, but also suppressed the populations of predatory ladybird beetles.

Soil application of aldicarb provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of imidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months or more. Management of citrus greening disease is difficult and requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control of psyllid vectors in non-crop reservoirs.

Citrus greening disease is not under completely successful management. Greasy spot, a fungal disease caused by the Mycosphaerella citriproduces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour and yield. Brazil is the world's leading orange producer, with an output of 17 million tonnes, followed by China, India, and the United States as the four major producers.

In Brazil, the four predominant orange varieties used for obtaining juice are Hamlin, Pera Rio, Natal, and Valencia. In the United States, groves are located mainly in FloridaCaliforniaand Texas. The Indian River area of Florida is known for the high quality of its juice, which often is sold fresh in the United States and frequently blended with juice produced in other regions because Indian River trees yield very sweet oranges, but in relatively small quantities.

Orange juice is traded internationally in the form of frozen, concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used so that storage and transportation costs are lower. Oranges, whose flavor may vary from sweet to sourare commonly peeled and eaten fresh or squeezed for juice. The thick bitter rind is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by desiccationusing pressure and heat.

It also is used in certain recipes as a food flavoring or garnish. The outermost layer of the rind can be thinly grated with a zester to produce orange zest. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains oils and has a strong flavor similar to that of the orange pulp. The white part of the rind, including the pith, is a source of pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh and other nutrients.

Although not as juicy or tasty as the flesh, orange peel is edible and has significant contents of vitamin C, dietary fibertotal polyphenolscarotenoidslimonene and dietary mineralssuch as potassium and magnesium.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about the fruit. For the colour, see Orange colour. For the painting also called "Orange Trees", see Les Orangers. For other uses, see Orange disambiguation. Link to USDA Database entry. Fruit tree propagation and Citrus rootstock. List of citrus diseases. Orange production in Brazil. Archived from the original on May 12, Fruits of Warm Climates". United Nations, Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO Statistics. Retrieved 1 April TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

In Webber, Herbert John; rev Walter Reuther and Harry W. The Citrus Industry, Horticultural Varieties of Citrus. University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences. Archived from the original on Hardy Orange or Trifoliate Orange. Collins English Dictionary collinsdictionary. A Dictionary of Colour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour 1st paperback ed. Retrieved 19 April University of Melbourne www. Retrieved 11 December The Europeans, Second Edition: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Retrieved May 19, Retrieved 2 October Retrieved on in French. Your Florida Dooryard Citrus Guide — Appendices, Definitions and Glossary. West Volusia Historical Society.

Orange Juice Price: Latest Price & Chart for Orange Juice - belucydyret.web.fc2.com

Retrieved 5 December University of California Riverside. Retrieved January 19, California Foundation for Agriculture in the Classroom. The Great Citrus Book: A Guide with Recipes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control.

J Agric Food Chem. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. History and Development of the Citrus Industry in ORIGIN OF CITRUSVol. Retrieved 30 November Knowledge Master, University of Hawaii. The Development of Good Automobile Roads". Department of Agriculture and Food. Research Program on Citrus Rootstock Breeding and Genetics.

June "In-situ Measurement of the Actual Detachment Force of Oranges Harvested by a Canopy Shaker Harvesting Machine". Abstracts for the Joint Annual Meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society. Retrieved 29 November Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality".

UCDavis Postharvest Technology Center. From The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Canadian Produce Marketing Association" PDF. Psyllidae and Greening Disease of Citrusby Susan E. Halbert and Keremane L. Manjunath, Florida Entomologist Abstract. June "Integrated approaches for managing the Asian citrus psyllid Homoptera: June "Effect of Water Management and Soil Application of Nitrogen Fertilizers, Petroleum Oils, and Lime on Inoculum Production by Mycosphaerella citri, the Cause of Citrus Greasy Spot".

Archived from the original on 17 March Production Map by State". US Department of Agriculture. Indian River Citrus League ircitrusleague. Retrieved 27 November S and the World Situation: Archived from the original PDF on June 4, Projections of World Production and Consumption of Citrus to From the Grove to Your Glass". International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved from " https: Oranges Cocktail garnishes Crops originating from China Fruits originating in Asia Symbols of California Symbols of Florida Tropical agriculture Terms with Arabic origin.

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